Stratifikasi Sosial Masyarakat Aceh


Oleh : Ramadhan '10

Gambar : meukeutop.blogspot.com
Dasar-dasar stratifikasi sosial.

Dalam suatu masyarakat akan terdapat golongan paling atas yang disebut dengan lapisan elite. Dan lapisan paling bawah disebut dengan lapisan biasa atau orang kebanyakan. Antara lapisan atasan dan lapisan bawahan kadang-kadang terdapat lagi beberapa lapisan seperti yang terdapat pada masyarakat Aceh. Masyarakat Aceh pada zaman kerajaan dahulu dapat dibagi ke dalam:
1. Lapisan Raja.
2. Lapisan Ulee Balang.
3. Lapisan Ulama.
4. Lapisan Rakyat biasa.

Lapisan Raja berasal dari keturunan raja-raja yang memegang kekuasaan kerajaan. Raja dan keturunannya dianggap sebagai lapisan elite. Maka lapisan raja dihormati karena kekuasaan dan keturunan-keturunan mereka. Hingga sekarang penghormatan masyarakat kepada keturunan raja-raja masih tampak dalam pergaulan hidup sehari-hari seperti mengenai panggilan. Panggilan yang lazim kepada keturunan raja dalam kehidupan sehari-hari disebut ampon, bila laki-laki, dan cut nyak (cut) bila perempuan. Walaupun perbedaan-perbedaan yang lain tidak tampak lagi antara keturunan raja dengan orang biasa.

           Di bawah lapisan raja, terdapat lapisan Ulee balang, sebagai wakil raja untuk daerah-daerah kerajaan kecil. Maka kadangkadang untuk seorang ulee balang disebut juga dengan ulee balang cut. Di samping lapisan itu terdapat juga lapisan yang menentukan dalam bidang agama. Maka pada tiap-tiap kerajaan muncullah golongan ulama. Dan lapisan yang paling bawah adalah lapisan rakyat biasa.
Sesungguhnya pada masyarakat Gayo tidak ada dasar pelapisan yang tegas. Karena itu dasar pelapisannya cepat bergeser. Sebagai dasar utama dari pelapisan sosial dalam masyarakat Gayo adalah senioritas dalam umur. Pihak yang usianya lebih tua lebih mendapat status yang tinggi dalam masyarakat Gayo. Selain daripada usia yang tua itu, juga orang yang dituakan. Seseorang dapat dituakan karena statusnya akibat perkawinan. Memang pada akhirnya dasar stratifikasi sosial ini telah mengalami perubahanperubahan.
Pada masyarakat Aceh Tamiang zaman kerajaan dahulu, dasar-dasar stratifikasi sosial dapat dibagi ke dalam:

1.        Lapisan raja.
2.       Lapisan datuk empat suku.
3.       Lapisan khadli dan Imam.
4.      Lapisan datuk delapan suku.
5.      Lapisan rakyat biasa.

2. Perubahan-perubahan dalam stratifikasi sosial.
 
Pada zaman kemerdekaan dasar-dasar stratifikasi sosial masyarakat Aceh pada umumnya seperti di atas tadi, sudah mulai berubah. Namun lapisan-lapisan tersebut masih tampak dalam masyarakat, tetapi lapisan-lapisan tersebut tidak memperlihatkan lagi perbedaan-perbedaan yang tajam dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Susunan golongan-golongan yang memerintah sudah banyak berubah. Sudah ada orang-orang dari lapisan lain yang menduduki fungsi pemerintahan, mulai dari susunan pemerintahan paling bawah sampai kepada pemerintahan atasan seperti Kecik, Kepala mukim dan Camat kepala pemerintahan Kecamatan.
Dahulu untuk memilih susunan penjabat pemerintahan tersebut, harus dilihat dari keturunan secara turun-temurun, dan berikutnya mengenai kecakapan. Dengan perkembangan beberapa Perguruan Tinggi di Aceh seperti Universitas Syiah Kuala, IAIN Jamuah Arraniry, APDN, dan beberapa perguruan tinggi swasta, maka semakin mendorong proses perubahan stratifikasi sosial di Aceh. Banyak pimpinan-pimpinan pemerintahan tingkat kabupaten telah menjabat Bupati yang bertitel kesarjanaan dari perguruan-perguruan tinggi tersebut di atas.
Begitu pula Camat Kepala Pemerintahan Kecamatan, hampir semua bertitel sarjana muda dari APDN. Jabatan Mukim dan Kecik sudah banyak dijabat oleh orang-orang yang mempunyai kecakapan dan kemampuan untuk mengatur dan memerintah. Tidak lagi berpola kepada keturunan secara turun-temurun. Proses perubahan di atas mendorong rakyat untuk berlombalomba memasukkan anaknya ke Perguruan Tinggi tersebut di atas, agar dapat menduduki fungsi tertentu dalam pemerintahan. Seirama dengan itu pendidikan non formal yang sudah lama dibina seperti Pesantren-pesantren, sekarang sudah banyak yang kosong.
Karena tamatan dari Pesantren, tidak banyak memberikan arti terhadap status sosial dewasa ini. Dari proses perubahan stratifikasi sosial di atas, maka dewasa ini masyarakat Aceh pada umumnya dapat dikelompokkan ke dalam empat kelompok yaitu:

a. Kelompok penguasa, terdiri atas penguasa pemerintahan, dan pegawai negri.
b. Kelompok Ulama, orang-orang yang berpengetahuan di bidang agama.
c. Kelompok kekayaan (hartawan).
d. Kelompok rakyat.

Keempat kelompok masyarakat tersebut, tampaknya tidak memberikan batas -batas yang tajam. Antara suatu kelompok dengan mudah dapat memasuki kelompok yang lain. Timbulnya kelompok-kelompok itu, tampaknya dari hasil kompetisi ilmu pengetahuan. Seseorang yang mempunyai ilmu pengetahuan dengan mudah dapat masuk ke dalam kelompok penguasa. Atau seseorang yang mempunyai pengetahuan di bidang keagamaan dengan sendirinya menjadi bagian dari kelompok Ulama.
Kelompok kekayaan dan kelompok rakyat biasanya dengan mudah beralih ke dalam kedua kelompok tersebut di atas, andaikata telah memperoleh pengetahuan-pengetahuan yang cukup. Tetapi dewasa ini tampaknya kelompok kekayaan lebih mudah beralih ke dalam kelompok-kelompok lain. Karena bagi kelompok ini mempunyai kemampuan yang besar untuk menyekolahkan anaknya. Tetapi bagi rakyat biasa, ulama dan sebagian pegawai negeri kesempatan menyekolahkan anaknya banyak terbentur dari segi keuangan.
Dengan demikian pada suatu saat kelompok kekayaan akan menjadi kelompok penguasa. Pada masyarakat Gayo dasar untuk menentukan adanya pelapisan sudah berubah-rubah dalam tempo yang relatif cepat. Pernah pihak yang dipandang tinggi dalam masyarakat adalah orang yang mendapat kedudukan menurut adat. Pada masa yang lain atas dasar pengetahuan dalam agama, pengetahuan sekuler, kekayaan, kejujuran dan lain-lain. Namun dasar utama yaitu senioritas dalam usia selalu masih terlihat.
 

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